In April 2007, DARPA demonstrated in-orbit satellite refueling with the Orbital Express mission, showcasing autonomous capabilities and maintenance operations. However, the project was canceled due to a lack of mission application. Nearly 15 years later, the Space Force is exploring on-orbit servicing to support future space domain awareness satellites and improve operational capabilities. The service identified refueling as a core competency and established a program office to coordinate development efforts and demonstrate capabilities. The Space Force’s goal is to define a clear vision for military use of on-orbit servicing and establish standards to shape the market.
Space Command recognized limitations on current space situational awareness satellites due to fuel constraints, prompting a shift towards dynamic space operations. These operations involve more maneuverable satellites that can freely inspect the space environment and avoid threats or debris. Space Force’s new acquisition office is planning refueling demonstrations and securing partnerships with commercial technology firms and organizations like DARPA. Refueling demonstrations are planned for the next few years to shape future plans for on-orbit servicing capabilities, including the development of fuel depots and jetpack technologies. The Space Force is conducting additional analysis to understand how on-orbit servicing contributes to satellite operation efficiency.
